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closing mineMining operations, however expansive and complex, are temporary. Eventually, once the most accessible and valuable materials have been extracted, the mine is closed, and the site must be restored back to its original state. This includes covering up mine entrances, replanting grass and trees, and testing surrounding water, soil, and air for contaminants.
Since 1977 when the U.S. Congress enacted the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, many regulations have been established to ensure mine sites are operated, and any environmental damage is remediated, in a responsible way. The Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE), for example, is a bureau within the United States Department of the Interior created to address coal mine remediation.
The OSMRE’s mission statement asserts, “Our primary objectives are to ensure that coal mines are operated in a manner that protects citizens and the environment during mining and assures that the land is restored to beneficial use following mining, and to mitigate the effects of past mining by aggressively pursuing reclamation of abandoned coal mines.”
Some of the issues addressed by mine site remediation regulations include:
Acid mine drainage is one of the primary sources of mining-related pollution. Mining activities increase the volume and rate of exposure of sulfur-containing rocks to air and water, creating sulfuric acid and dissolved iron. This acid run-off dissolves heavy metals such as copper, lead and mercury which leach into ground water aquifers and surface water sources, harming humans and wildlife.
Tailings—mineral waste products—are another major pollutant. Because tailings originate in slurry form they are dumped in or near water, contaminating the water and destroying aquatic life. Tailings also can be transported by wind or water to contaminate other areas. Mine wastewater containing metals and chemicals can also leach into nearby waterways. Lab and portable technologies for water analysis can help determine the extent of the pollution.
In addition to physical landscape damage, mining operations create sediment containing heavy metals which settle into surrounding soil, or are carried by wind or water to contaminate rivers or other land areas. These metals aren’t biodegradable so the soil stays contaminated without corrective action.
Chemical analysis of soil and sediment samples at the mine site is an important step in detecting the presence of environmental contaminates that may remain as a result of mining activities. Both Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) are good solutions for this analysis. Handheld XRF instruments provide instantaneous analysis in the field and effectively perform double-duty when used to monitor elemental contaminants at mine sites and in waste streams, in addition to being used for exploration and mining applications. These handheld analyzers are equipped with embedded GPS that can record the coordinates of the exact location of the contamination site as well. Lab-based WDXRF instruments perform accurate quantitative analysis of the vast variety of material, matrix types, and concentrations that must be evaluated in soil and sediment analysis.
Particulate matter (PM) in the air surrounding the mine location is another source of pollution. Dust results from the movement of soil, vehicles traveling over unpaved surfaces, heavy equipment operation, blasting, and wind, which can erode mine tailings piles to create potentially contaminated fugitive dust. Dust inhalation, particularly respirable coal dust, is a serious occupational hazard in the mining industry. Personal and ambient particulate monitoring equipment is used to measure PM to ensure exposure limits are not exceeded.
As it says in the Act, “Coal mining operations presently contribute significantly to the Nation’s energy requirements… and it is, therefore, essential to the national interest to insure the existence of an expanding and economically healthy underground coal mining industry…. [The] surface and underground coal mining operations affect interstate commerce, contribute to the economic well-being, security, and general welfare of the Nation and should be conducted in an environmentally sound manner….[And] the cooperative effort established by this Act is necessary to prevent or mitigate adverse environmental effects of present and future surface coal mining operations.” Read the rest of Section 101 of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977.
Identify the characteristics of each type of nation
-A person with no particular religion can become a nations leader
-Religious leaders rule the government
- The nations laws are based on a holy book
- All religions are treated equally
Answer:
Secular - All religions are treated equally and A person with no particular religion can become a nations leader
Explanation:
Theocratic- The nations laws are based on a holy book and Religious leaders rule the government
Answer:
A Person -S
Religious- T
the -T
All -S
Match each event to the country in which it took place.
1. United Kingdom
2. India
3. South Africa
-Mauryan Empire established
-diamonds and gold was discovered
-established colonial empire
during Industrial Revolution
Answer:
1.united kindom established colonial empire during indrustrial revolution
2.india is where the Mauryan Empire was established
3.south africa is where diamonds and gold where discovered
Explanation:
i did it on test and got it right hope this helps!!
If you had a block of each type of wood with the same dimensions, how would their weights compare? Explain.
Answer:
Different types of wood have different density and thus a block of one type of wood will not necessarily weigh the same as a block of a different type of wood even with the same dimensions.
Explanation:
What is the central element of each religion?
The central element of each religion varies, but it typically involves a belief in a higher power or ultimate reality.
Each religion's core ideas and practises vary. Many religions have a focal place for their faith and worship. Christianity centres on Jesus Christ, the Son of God and saviour of humanity. Allah and Muhammad's teachings are important to Islam.
Dharma, karma, and moksha are important to Hinduism. Enlightenment and Buddha's teachings define Buddhism. These key elements establish each religion's core values and practice.
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Match each type of region with its description.
-Regions divided by 0 latitude and 0 longitude
-Regions defined by the largest land and water formation
-Regions defined by features such as mountains, forest, and deserts
-Regions defined by political control
-Regions defined by the value of the goods and services they produce
~
-Nations
-Continents, oceans, and seas
-Economic regions
-Hemispheres
- Terrain and land formations
The Following regions are correctly matched with their description:
Hemispheres - regions divided by 0° latitude and 0° longitude. The International Date Line, at 180 degrees longitude, and the prime meridian, at 0 degrees, separate the Eastern and Western hemispheres of the Earth, respectively.
Continents, oceans, and seas - regions defined by the largest land and water formations. A region is a piece of territory with similar characteristics. Natural or man-made elements might serve to identify a region.
Terrain and land formations - regions defined by features such as mountains, forests, and deserts. The natural divisions of the Earth's surface, such as weather, climate, and terrain, are known as physical regions.
Economic regions - regions defined by the value of the goods and services they produce. The organization of economic activity in a city, a region, a state, a continent, a continent group, or the entire planet.
Nations - regions defined by political control. A region that has its laws, is governed by a particular government and is headed by one or more leaders.
Thus, mention above region correctly match its description:
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The issue of ecotourism development in the Southeast region in Vietnam
Explanation:
The issue of ecotourism development in the Southeast region in Vietnam are :- Threats to Indigenous Cultures. ... Degradation of the Ecosystem May Still Occur. ... Travel Could Disrupt the Environment. ... Possible Relocationhope it is helpful to you ☺️
Which increased as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
Check all that apply.
A. Pollution
B. Population
C. Food prices
D. Travel times between cities
Answer:
Pollution and Population are correct
Which best describes a difference between Christianity and Judaism?
A. Christians only use the Old Testament.
B. Jews do not believe in the afterlife.
C. Christians believe they are the chosen people.
D. Jews do not believe Jesus Christ was the son of God.
Answer:
D. Jews do not believe Jesus Christ was the son of God.
They believe that the Messiah has not come,but Christ believe in christ
Which statement best completes the diagram?
Cause
Effect
?
Laozi argues that
people should find their
own inner peace.
A. Chinese people are too interested in nature.
B. Confucius teaches that inner peace comes from nature.
C. Confucius argues that social order is important.
D. Chinese leaders refuse to promote education.
Answer:
I think A.Chinese people are too interested in nature.
Explanation:
Select the answer that accurately describes why a coastal mountain range has different climates on the windward (wind‑facing) and leeward (wind‑sheltered) sides.
a. Ocean winds become cooler as they travel up the windward slope, causing water vapors to condense as rain. The air is dry when it reaches peak elevations and it becomes warmer as it descends the leeward slope.
b. Ocean winds become cooler as they travel up the windward slope. The humid air becomes warmer as it descends the leeward slope, causing water vapors to condense as rain.
c. Ocean winds become warmer as they travel up the windward slope. The humid air becomes cooler as it descends the leeward slope, causing water vapors to condense as rain.
d. Ocean winds become warmer as they travel up the windward slope, causing water vapors to condense as rain. The air is dry when it reaches peak elevations and it becomes cooler as it descends the leeward slope.
Answer:
Explanation:
they are force cool, moist air from oceans to rise as it moves toward land.
I'm not sure how to explain, I'm sorry! I hope you got your answer though :)
Have a good day!
Select the correct answer from each drop down menu.
A capital city is important because it is the _____ center of a nation. However, a capital city may not be the largest city in its country. For example, New Delhi is the capital of India, while ______, is India’s largest city. Some cities, including _____, in the United States were created specifically to serve as capitals. Other cities, including Beijing, China, became capitals due to their _______.
Is it possible for a totalitarian government to exist under single-party rule?
O A. Yes. In order to maintain such a high level of control, there can be
no room for other political parties.
B. No. Totalitarian governments require absolute freedom of
industry.
C. Yes, as long as there is direct democracy.
D. No. A totalitarian government requires multiple parties to
participate.
Answer: A. Yes. In order to maintain such a high level of control, there can be no room for other political parties.
Explanation:
Most often than not, totalitarian states need to have only one party in the country in order to enforce their will without official opposition parties occupying positions in the nation's legislative and making it harder for the governing party to enforce its will.
And even if those parties do not occupy positions, they could be very vocal to the point of bringing attention to the ruling party's injustices. Restricting other political parties would therefore allow the ruling party to have total power without worrying about "meddlesome" opposition parties.
Reyka is studying the effects of high humidity on fungal growth. The best
location for her to conduct her experiments would be
of the
Himalayas.
A. South
B. East
C. North
D. West
Help pls!
Which of the following is considered a Pull Factor?
Overpopulation
Political Persecution
Environmental Degradation
Economic Opportunities
IN YOUR OWN WORD. (ESSAY)
-identify the key players of MICE industry and their importance.
PLSSS HELP MEE:<
no sending links
Answer:
market size
Explanation:
what is the definition of river
Answer:
water flowing
Explanation:
water flows and that is what you would call a river
Question 8 of 20
What kinds of things are you more likely to observe in a rural setting than in
the city?
Check all that apply.
A. Cultural mixing
B. Violent crime
C. A slower pace
D. A wider selection of goods and services
Answer:
A slower pace
Explanation:
<3
cultural mixing...
10 quốc gia có diện tích lãnh thổ lớn nhất
The top ten largest countries, in square kilometers
Today, one of Mexico City’s greatest technological challenges is
Answer:
Despite unprecedented macroeconomic stability, which has caused inflation and interest rates to drop to record lows while per capita incomes have increased, there are still huge disparities between people living in urban and rural areas, between states north and south, rich and poor.[13] The government is currently facing a number of challenges, including upgrading infrastructure, modernizing tax systems and labor laws, and reducing income inequality.
Explanation:
Which country is categorized as semi-periphery?
A)
Australia
B)
Canada
C)
India
D)
Japan
Answer:
Answer is C, hopes this helps
Explanation:
India is considered a Semi-Peripheral country
what is global sawend
Answer:
Global Sound (SGS) is the digital archive project of the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage (SCFCH), launched in 2005 by Smithsonian Folkways, the nonprofit record label of the Smithsonian Institution.
A new sports car would be an example of:
A need
A want
Scarcity
A consumer
A new sports car would be an example of a want.
In economical terms, what is a consumer want?A want is anything that is desired. It is claimed that everyone has a limitless number of desires but only a limited number of resources are available to us. As a result, individuals cannot have everything they desire and must seek out the most cost-effective options.
A consumer's wants often represent preferred preferences for particular solutions to meet a requirement. As a result, individuals frequently desire certain items, brands, or services that meet their demands in a specific way.
A want is anything that will enhance your living experience and level of happiness. In economic terms, wants may be described as an individual's insatiable desire to own items or services that provide fulfillment.
Therefore, we can conclude that owning a new sports car would be an example of a want.
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Which of the following best explains why many African countries struggle
economically?
A. The countries encourage free trade with other nations.
B. The countries have export-oriented economic systems.
C. The countries import too many goods from other countries,
D. The countries have restricted trade with other African nations.
Answer:
D. The countries have restricted trade with other African nations
Cote d'Ivoire is a country in West Africa. The name translates to the Ivory Coast in English. Why do you think
the country has a French name?
Answer:
It was a French colony
Explanation:
Although discovered first by the Portuguese, the French were the ones who colonized and controlled the Ivory Coast, so therefore the name is French. To this day many Ivory Coast natives speak French or have French accents.
Which of the following is not a result of the geographic proximity of two or more groups of people?
A.
the long life expectancy that developed in Japan
B.
the strong trade and cultural relationships that formed in Europe
C.
the conquering of the Indian subcontinent by different societies
D.
the spread of Islam through southern Europe and the Middle East
Answer:
the answer is B ............
1) Find the area of the shape below. Round your answer to the nearest tenth 16 cm
Answer:
151.3 cm²
Explanation:
The shape is composed of a semicircle and a rectangle
Area of the shape = area of the semicircle + area of the rectangle
Area of the shape = ½(πr²) + L*W
r = ½(16 - 6) = ½(10) = 5 cm
L = 16 cm
W = 7 cm
Plug in the values
Area of the shape = ½(π*5²) + 16*7
Area = 39.27 + 112
Area = 151.3 cm² (nearest tenth)
Describe the various settings in which metamorphic rocks are formed and explain the links between plate tectonics and metamorphism corese hero.
metamorphic rock are the rock which are formed when igneous rock and sedimentary rock change from one form to another form due to more heat and pressure. long time exposure of heat and pressure on the sedimentary rock and igneous rock changes them from one form to another form and metamorphic rocks get form
describe two ways in which the above law protects citizens against human rights violation
Answer:
The law protects citizens against human right violations in the following ways: ... Protection of Human Rights Act 1993: declares the rights pertaining to life, equality, liberty,and dignity of an individual that is guaranteed by the Constitution of India
Explanation:
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What is NOT likely to happen at a divergent boundary?