Galvatron Metals has a bond outstanding with a coupon rate of 6.3 percent and semiannual payments. The bond currently sells for $949 and matures in 25 years. The par value is $1,000 and the company's tax rate is 39 percent. What is the company's aftertax cost of debt

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The right response is "4.102%".

Explanation:

Given:

Number of half years,

n = [tex]25\times 2[/tex]

  = [tex]50[/tex]

Coupon per half years,

c = [tex]1000\times \frac{6.3 \ percent}{2}[/tex]

  = [tex]31.5[/tex]

Price,

pv = 949

Par value,

= 1000

Now,

The YTM will be:

= [tex]rate(n,c,-pv,fv)\times 2[/tex]

= [tex]rate(50,31.5,-949,1000)\times 2[/tex]

= [tex]6.724[/tex] (%)

hence,

After tax cost of debt will be:

= [tex]YTM\times (1-tax \ rate)[/tex]

= [tex]6.724\times (1-39)[/tex]

= [tex]4.102[/tex] (%)


Related Questions

A bank has an 8 percent reserve requirement, $10,000 in deposits, and has loaned out all it can, given the reserve requirement. a. It has $1,250 in reserves and $8,750 in loans. b. It has $8,000 in reserves and $2,000 in loans. c. It has $800 in reserves and $9,200 in loans. d. It has $80 in reserves and $9,920 in loans.

Answers

Answer:

c. It has $800 in reserves and $9,200 in loans.

Explanation:

Calculation to determine the given reserve requirement

Reserves=8%*$10,000

Reserves=$800

Loans=$10,000-$800

Loans=$9,200

Therefore given the reserve requirement It has $800 in reserves and $9,200 in loans.

The following persons own Schlecht Corporation, a non-U.S.entity.

Jim, U.S. individual 35%
Gina, U.S. individual 15%
Marina, U.S. individual 8%
Pedro, U.S. individual 12%
Chee, non-U.S. individual 30%

None of the shareholders are related. Subpart F income for the tax year is $300,000. No distributions are made. Which of the following statements is correct?

a. Schlecht is not a CFC.
b. Chee includes $90,000 in gross income.
c. Marina is not a U.S. shareholder for purposes of determining whether Schlecht is a CFC.
d. Marina includes $24,000 in gross income.

Answers

Answer: Marina is not a U.S. shareholder for purposes of determining whether Schlecht is a CFC.

Explanation:

From the options given, the correct statement is that "Marina is not a U.S. shareholder for purposes of determining whether Schlecht is a CFC".

A controlled foreign corporation (CFC) refers to a corporate entity which is duly registered and then conducts business in a different country than where it was registered and where the controlling owners lives.

A controlled foreign corporation (CFC) is a foreign corporation whereby more than 50% of the total voting power is owned by the person.

Roy Micky wants to open a new nakamal (kava bar) in port villa. He knows he is entering a highly competitive market but is determined to give it a ago as it is something his family have always wanted.

There are 96 other Nakamals in port vila that Roy will have to compete with. In addition to this, he does not have an established presence in the market. There are just 2 of his concerns. The others are required to come from you.

1) List and justify (from an operations perspective) 5 key things that he should consider in setting up his business. In answering this question, this of the different chapters that have ccomprised this course - you should get a point from each chapter. 20 marks

NB : This question is asking for 5 points of concern - each carries 4 marks.​

Answers

Answer:

a) The financial return on investment

b) Demand curve, Is the demand of nakamal  is rising or is constant

c) Develop a strategy to create a customer base

d) Devise marketing strategy

e) Value addition in his product and service in order to stand out of others.

Explanation:

a) The financial return on investment

b) Demand curve, Is the demand of nakamal  is rising or is constant

c) Develop a strategy to create a customer base

d) Devise marketing strategy

e) Value addition in his product and service in order to stand out of others.

roles of competition policy authorities in south Africa​

Answers

Answer:

I hope you understand please follow me

On January 2013, Pennington Bancorp acquired $100,000 of marketable securities and classified them as Available for Sale. On March 31, 2013, Pennington prepared its 10-Q and marked the securities down to their market value of $85,000. On April 4, 2013, Pennington sold the securities for $93,000 cash. Which of the following items would be increased by the sale of the marketable securities?

a. Cash from Financing Activities
b. Net Income
c. Marketable Securities
d. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
e. Cash from Investing Activities

Answers

Answer:

b. Net Income

e. Cash from Investing Activities

Explanation:

Calculation to determine Which of the following items would be increased by the sale of the marketable securities

Using this formula

Gain from investment = Selling price of the security - Value of the security

Let plug in the formula

Gain from investment= $93,000 - $85,000

Gain from investment= $8,000

Based on the above calculation The sell of marketable security will INCREASE CASH which means that CASH FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES will increase and NET INCOME will increase.

Therefore the items that would be increased by the sale of the marketable securities are :

b. Net Income

e. Cash from Investing Activities

Phil Morris holds an executive position at The Martin Group. Phil has improved the quality of the data gathered by the organization and has also created a model to decrease the cost of managing data while increasing the value of the data gathered. Based on this description, what position does Phil hold at The Martin Group

Answers

Answer:

chief data officer (CDO)

Explanation:

A chief data officer is a person in an organisation that uses information as an asset through various practices like analysis, data processing, data mining, or information trading.

He is responsible for data governance within an organisation.

Valuable insights that will be profitable to the organisation are made by the Chief Data Officer.

In the given instance Phil has improved the quality of the data gathered by the organization and has also created a model to decrease the cost of managing data while increasing the value of the data gathered.

Perggy's Bakes, a bakery in New Orleans that exclusively sells its confectionery products online, makes its products only when it receives an order. The bakery produces the products as per the order and delivers to the customer's homes. It does not produce any excess products. In the given scenario, the price associated with the demand and supply of the products at Perggy's Bakes reflects the _____. a. equilibrium price b. skimmed price c. grounded price d. parity price

Answers

Answer:

A)equilibrium price

Explanation:

From the question we are informed about Perggy's Bakes, a bakery in New Orleans that exclusively sells its confectionery products online, makes its products only when it receives an order. The bakery produces the products as per the order and delivers to the customer's homes. It does not produce any excess products. In the given scenario, the price associated with the demand and supply of the products at Perggy's Bakes reflects the equilibrium price. The equilibrium price can be reffered to as only price in which both desires of consumers and that of producers agree, this can be explained as a situation where by quantity demanded is been equal to quantity supplied. The theory stressed that movement of market tends toward this price, it can also be regarded as "market-clearing price"

When​ Elle's Espresso Bar increased its price by 10​ percent, the quantity of coffee that Elle sold decreased by 40 percent.
When Elle and all her competitors cut their prices by 10​ percent, the quantity of coffee sold by Elle increased by only 4 percent.
The price elasticity of demand for​ Elle's Espresso Bar coffee is
nothing.

Answers

Answer:

4

Explanation:

Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in price of the good.

Price elasticity of demand = percentage change in quantity demanded / percentage change in price

40 / 10 = 4

If the absolute value of price elasticity is greater than one, it means demand is elastic. Elastic demand means that quantity demanded is sensitive to price changes.  

Demand is inelastic if a small change in price has little or no effect on quantity demanded. The absolute value of elasticity would be less than one

Demand is unit elastic if a small change in price has an equal and proportionate effect on quantity demanded.  

Infinitely elastic demand is perfectly elastic demand. Demand falls to zero when price increases  

Perfectly inelastic demand is demand where there is no change in the quantity demanded regardless of changes in price.

Expense A is a fixed cost; expense B is a variable cost. During the current year the activity level has increased, but is still within the relevant range. In terms of cost per unit of activity, we would expect that

Answers

Answer:

b) Expense B has decreased.

Explanation:

a) Expense A has remained unchanged.

b) Expense B has decreased.

c) Expense A has decreased.

d) Expense B has increased.

Fixed costs are costs that do not vary with output. e,g, rent, mortgage payments

If production is zero or if production is a million, Mortgage payments do not change - it remains the same no matter the level of output.  

Hourly wage costs and payments for production inputs are variable costs

Variable costs are costs that vary with production

If a producer decides not to produce any output, there would be no need to hire labour and thus no need to pay hourly wages.  

Let assume fixed cost is 100 pounds when output is 10 units

Fixed cost per unit = fixed cost / output

100 / 10 = 10

Fixed cost per output when output increases to 20 units is

100 / 20 = 5

fixed cost per unit falls as output increases

Janitor Supply produces an industrial cleaning powder that requires 50 grams of material at $0.40 per gram and 0.15 direct labor hours at $14.00 per hour. Overhead is applied at the rate of $18 per direct labor hour. What is the total standard cost for one unit of product that would appear on a standard cost card?
a. $7.00.
b. $8.50.
c. $11.50.
d. $7.50.
e. $25.00.

Answers

Answer:

e. $25

Explanation:

Given the above information,

The first step is to calculate the cost of direct materials

Cost of direct materials = Material × Per gram rate

= 50 × $0.40

= $20

The next step is to compute the direct labor cost

Direct labor cost

= Direct labor rate × Direct labor hours

= $14 × 0.15

= $2.1

Then,

Overhead per unit cost = Overhead labor cost × labor hours

= $18 × 0.15

= $2.7

Now, add up the above costs

Total standard cost for one unit = $20 + $2.1 + $2.7

= $24.8

= $25

You're trying to save to buy a new $200,000 Ferrari. You have $45,000 today that can be invested at your bank. The bank pays 5.0 percent annual interest on its accounts. How long will it be before you have enough to buy the car

Answers

Answer:

n= 30.57 years

Explanation:

Giving the following information:

Future Value (FV)= $200,000

Present value (PV)= $45,000

Interest rate (i)= 5%

To calculate the number of years required to reach the objective, we need to use the following formula:

n= ln(FV/PV) / ln(1+i)  

n= ln(200,000 / 45,000) / ln(1.05)

n= 30.57 years

The College Bookstore sells a unique calculator to college students. The demand for this calculator is constant at 20 units per day. The lead time for this calculator is variable at an average of 9 days with a standard deviation of 2 days. Compute the statistical reorder point that results in a 95 percent in-stock probability. Choose the closest answer.
a. 182 units
b. 226 units
c. 246 units
d. 26 units
e. 46 units

Answers

Answer:

c. 246 units

Explanation:

Daily demand, d = 20 units

Service Level = 95 % = 0.95. Z (according to Standardized Normal Curve) = 1.65

Average Lead Time, LT-bar = 9 days

Standard deviation of Lead Time, σLT = 2 days

Reorder Point = Expected Demand during Lead time + Safety Stock

Reorder Point = d*LT-bar + z*d*σLT

Reorder Point = (20*9) + (1.65*20*2)

Reorder Point = 180 + 66

Reorder Point = 246 units

Classified stock differentiates various classes of common stock, and using it is one way companies can meet special needs such as when owners of a start-up firm need additional equity capital but don't want to relinquish voting control.A. TrueB. False

Answers

Answer: True

Explanation:

Classified stocks are referred to as the stocks of a publicly-traded company which possess different classes of stocks. Classified shares typically has some special privileges, like the dividend rights and the enhanced voting rights.

The use of classified stock allows the founders of a company to have control over the company despite not having to own the majority of the common stock. Therefore, the correct option is True.

Effects of recognizing accrued interest on financial statements LO 9-1
Bill Darby started Darby Company on January 1, Year 1. The company experienced the following events during its first year of operation:
1. Earned $1,300 of cash revenue.
2. Borrowed $2,400 cash from the bank.
3. Adjusted the accounting records to recognize accrued interest expense on the bank note. The note, issued on September 1, Year 1, had a one-year term and an 10 percent annual interest rate.
Required:
a. What is the amount of interest payable at December 31, Year 12?
b. What is the amount of interest expense in Year?
c. What is the amount of interest paid in Year?
d. Use a horizontal statements model to show how each event affects the balance sheet income statement, and statement of cash flows.

Answers

Answer:

Darby Company

a. The amount of the interest payable at December 31, Year 1 is $80.

b. The amount of the interest expense in Year 1 is $80.

c. The amount of interest paid in Year 1 is $0.

d. Horizontal Statements Model:

Balance Sheet                       Income Statement                     Statement of

                                                                                                 Cash Flows

Assets = Liabilities + Equity  Income = Revenue - Expenses

1. +$1,300 = 0 +        $1,300  $1,300  = $1,300                        OA cash inflow

2. +$2,400 = $2,400+ 0                                                           FA cash inflow

3. 0           =        $80 + ($80)  ($80)   = 0       -      ($80)          None

$3,700 = $2,480 +  $1,220  $1,220 = $1,300 -    $80  

Explanation:

a) Data and Calculations:

1. Cash $1,300 Revenue $1,300

2. Cash$2,400 10% Bank Note Payable $2,400

3. Interest Expense $80 Interest Payable $80 )$2,400 * 10% * 4/12)

Explain why production and logistics decisions are of central importance to many multinational businesses.

Answers

Explanation:

This is due to the fact that the MNC must choose where to manufacture products in order to get the optimum mix of productivity and transportation costs. Firms must decide which nation or countries they will produce in. They must, however, consider the difficulties of transporting commodities from one nation to another.

Assume that the Peanut Division of Trail Mix Foods wants to purchase an additional 20,000 pounds of raisins from the Raisin Division. Raisin will be able to increase its profit by accepting any transfer price above:

Answers

Condom is the answer I believe bio is not my best subject

State 3 advantages in setting up a business in Maldives?

Answers

Answer:

1. No restrictions on sending their earning profit to their own country

2. It takes maximum of 30 days to complete the entire process of company registration in Maldives

3. The government encourages projects that are environmentally friendly

Cost of direct materials used in production $18,573 Direct labor 23,083 Factory overhead 33,632 Work in process inventory, March 1 24,104 Work in process inventory, March 31 18,188 Finished goods inventory, March 1 23,172 Finished goods inventory, March 31 26,346 a. Determine the cost of goods manufactured. $fill in the blank 1 b. Determine the cost of goods sold.

Answers

Answer:

cost of goods manufactured= $81,204

Explanation:

Giving the following information:

Cost of direct materials used in production $18,573

Direct labor 23,083

Factory overhead 33,632

Work in process inventory, March 1 24,104

Work in process inventory, March 31 18,188

To calculate the cost of goods manufactured, we need to use the following formula:

cost of goods manufactured= beginning WIP + direct materials + direct labor + allocated manufacturing overhead - Ending WIP

cost of goods manufactured= 24,104 + 18,573 + 23,083 + 33,632 - 18,188

cost of goods manufactured= $81,204

The process mapping is a
____ diagram.

Answers

Answer:

I hope u understand and thank you for your questions

Sheffield Corp. estimates its sales at 240000 units in the first quarter and that sales will increase by 24000 units each quarter over the year. They have, and desire, a 25% ending inventory of current quarter's sales in units. Each unit sells for $35. 40% of the sales are for cash. 70% of the credit customers pay within the quarter. The remainder is received in the quarter following sale. Production in units for the third quarter should be budgeted at

Answers

Answer:

Sheffield Corp.

The Production in units for the third quarter should be budgeted at:

= 294,000 units.

Explanation:

a) Data and Calculations:

                                       Quarter 1     Quarter 2      Quarter 3       Quarter 4

Sales units                      240,000       264,000       288,000         312,000

Ending inventory              60,000         66,000         72,000           78,000

Units available for sale  300,000       330,000       360,000        390,000

Less Beginning inventory         0         60,000          66,000          72,000

Production units            300,000       270,000       294,000         318,000

The practice of intentionally targeting borrowers in poor or underserved areas with expensive high-cost loans is known as:

Answers

Answer:

Reverse redlining

Explanation:

Reverse redlining means the practice that target the neighborhood specially the non-white for the greater prices or lended the non-fair terms like lending used for predatory with respect to the subprime mortgage

So as per the given situation, it is the reverse redlining as it is targetted to the borrowers or the areas having high cost loans

So, the same should be considered

Albatross Company purchased a piece of machinery for $60,000 on January 1, 2019, and has been depreciating the machine using the double-declining-balance method based on a five-year estimated useful life and no salvage value. On January 1, 2021, Albatross decided to switch to the straight-line method of depreciation. The salvage value is still zero and the estimated useful life did not change. Ignore income taxes.

Required:
a. What type of accounting change is this, and how should it be handled?
b. Prepare the journal entry to record depreciation for 2017. Show all calculations clearly.

Answers

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d

Answer:

Currently, the income statement for company reflects a total period cost for depreciation of $7,876,000

Key Company acquires 60, 10%, 5 year, $1,000 Community bonds on January 1, 2012 for $61,250. This includes a brokerage commission of $1,250. The journal entry to record this investment includes a debit to

Answers

Answer: Debt investment for $61250

Explanation:

Since we are given the information that Key Company acquires 60, 10%, 5 year, $1,000 Community bonds on January 1, 2012 for $61,250, the journal entry to record this investment will be:

Dr Debt investment $61250

Cr Cash $61250

Therefore, the journal entry to record this investment includes a debit to Debt investment for $61250

The division of labor is another word for Group of answer choices specialization. taxes. expanding markets. efficiency.g

Answers

Division of lab our is the same thing as Specialization.

Heinz Company began operations on January 1, 2020, and uses the FIFO method in costing its raw material inventory. Management is contemplating a change to the LIFO method and is interested in determining what effect such a change will have on net income. Accordingly, the following information has been developed:

Final Inventory
2017 2018
FIFO $640,000 $712,000
LIFO $560,000 $636,000
Net Income
(computed under the FIFO method) $980,000 $1,030,000

Based on the above information, a change to the LIFO method in 2020 would result in net income for 2018 of ________.

a. $1,070,000
b. $1,030,000
c. $954,000
d. $950,000

Answers

Answer: $954,000

Explanation:

Thw difference in the final inventory between the FIFO and the LIFO method in 2018 will be:

= $712,000 - $636,000

= $76,000

Then, based on the above information, a change to the LIFO method in 2018 would result in net income for 2018 of:

Net income as per FIFO = $1,030,000

Less: Decrease in income = $76,000

Net income as per LIFO = $954,000

Suppose the U.S. foreign assets are 67 percent of the U.S.​ GDP, and the U.S. foreign liabilities are 95 percent of the U.S. GDP. ​ Moreover, suppose that 66 percent of U.S. foreign assets are denominated in foreign​ currencies, while all liabilities to foreigners are denominated in U.S. dollars. How will a 13 percent depreciation of the dollar affect ​foreigners' net foreign claims on the U.S. measured in U.S. dollars​ (as a percent of U.S.​ GDP)

Answers

Answer:

8.58% of US GDP is the answer for the required question.

Explanation:

US Foreign Assets = 67% of US GDP

US Liabilities = 95% of US GDP

66% of US Foreign Assets = Foreign Currencies

All Liabilities to Foreigners = US Dollars.

Depreciation rate = 13%

Solution:

Consider the following formula for this problem:

Change in external wealth in US dollar = (Change in foreign assets in dollars) - (Change in foreign liabilities in US dollars)

Liabilities are already denominated in dollars in our instance, but assets are not. As a result, we'll use the formula above to calculate the dollar value of the foreign assets. However, because the dollar value of net external assets fluctuates, we must also consider the rate of depreciation.

Change in dollar value of foreign currency denominated asset = rate of depreciation x Share of the foreign currency

Share of the foreign Currency = 66%

Rate of Depreciation = 13%

= 0.13 x 0.66 = 0.0858 = 8.58%

Hence,

8.58% of US GDP is the answer for the required question.

Introduction to the future value of money Aa Aa Under the concepts of the time value of money, you can determine the future value of an amount invested today that will earn a given interest rate over a given amount of time. This technique can be used to calculate the future value of (1) a single receipt or payment made or (2) a series of receipts or payments Dakota and Gabriella are sitting together, with their notebooks and textbooks open, at a coffee shop. They've been reviewing the latest lecture from Dr. Phillips's financial management class by asking each other questions. Today's topic addressed the calculation of future values for both simple and compound interest-earning accounts. Complete the missing information in the conversation that follows. Round your final answer to all computations to two decimal places. However, if you compute any interest factors as an intermediate step in your calculations, round them to four decimal places Dakota So, why is it important to be able to calculate the future value of some amount invested? Gabriella First, remember that the amount invested is usually called and the amount earned during the investment period is called calculate a future value so that you can know in advance what a given amount of principal will be worth after earning a specified It is important to be able to for a known Dakota OK, I understand that, and I know the amount of principal invested today can be called the value of the investment, whereas the amount realized after the passage of t period of value. But what causes the present and future values to be different time is called its values? Gabriella Two things cause the present and future values to be different amounts. First, the earned during the investment period causes the future value to be greater than, equal to, or less than the present value. Second, the method used to calculate the interest earned-that is, whether the account pays amount by which the future value differs from the present value interest-determines the

Answers

So what to do hear what’s the answers

Determine whether each of the following statements is true, false or uncertain, and brieflyjustify your answer (a few sentences). No credit will be given for unsupported answers.1. The optimal tariff for a large open economy is 0.2. Multinational firms are important primarily in labor-intensive industries.3. Horizontal FDI is more likely to occur when trade costs are low but plant-level economiesof scale are high.4. For a small open economy, import tariffs and import quotas have identical effects onprices, welfare, and import levels.5. The median voter theory has been very successful at explaining actual trade policyoutcomes.

Answers

Answer:

1) False

2) Uncertain

3) False

4) False

5) True

Explanation:

1) Optimal tariff for a Large open economy is not zero ( 0 ) and this is because a large open economy has control over interest rates both domestically and in a larger scale, and its engaged in exports and imports trades with other economies of the world. hence its Optimal tariff should be > 0

2) The Importance of Multinational firms primarily in labor-intensive industries is Uncertain because Multinational firms can have a positive effect on labor by providing them with better wages and it can also affect labor negatively by laying off incompetent workers in the long run

3) Horizontal FDI is less likely to occur when the trade costs are low but plant-level economies of scale are high because lower trade costs will lead to a vertical FDI and not horizontal FDI

4) In an open economy the effects of import tariffs and import quotas does not have same effect on prices and import levels .   reduction in import quota reduces import levels while increase in tariffs affects pricing of goods and services

5) True because increase in inequality and a country's endowment been held constant will raise trade barriers in a capital abundant economy and vice versa for less capital abundant economy .

You purchased a stock at the end of last year at a price of $92. At the end of this year, the stock pays a dividend of $1.60 and you sell the stock for $106. What is your return for the year? Now suppose that dividends are taxed at 15 percent and long-term capital gains (over 11 months) are taxed at 30 percent. What is your aftertax return for the year? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answers as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places.)

Answers

Answer:

1.69

hope it helps

Explanation:

I have to charge my money back to pay for it my credit is fine now

How can indirect taxes affect consumer spending​

Answers

Answer:

Indirect tax increases will push up prices, decrease consumption and hence reduce the effects of  negative externalities such as damage to the environment.

Indirect taxes are placed on goods and services that raise the price for the consumer to pay more for the item.

Due to an increase in final prices at which goods and services are passed on to end-users, the consumers would have to settle for lesser quantities. As a result, the consumer would now be able to afford the reduced portion of goods or services with reduced resources than he would have been able to.

Mark Brainliest please

Answer :

Indirect Taxation and Consumer
Indirect taxation is defined as taxation imposed upon others than the person who is intended to bear the final burden. There has been a gradual shift away from direct towards indirect taxes especially in the UK over recent years. Increased indirect taxation has allowed the government to reduce the overall tax burden on income and capital. Both income tax and corporation tax rates have been lowered. Supply-side economists believe that indirect taxes are preferable to direct taxes because they create less of a disincentive to work since employees retain more of what they earn. The argument runs that workers will respond to lower marginal tax rates by expanding the hours they work and raising productivity.
There are two effects from a tax change from direct taxes to indirect taxes; the substitution and the income effect.
1- Substitution effect: when income tax rates are cut the return to working extra hours rises. This means the opportunity cost of leisure time is higher than before.
2- Income effect: when tax rate are reduced, people can earn a particular "target" post-tax income with fewer working hours than before the tax cut. If they regard leisure as a normal good, they may prefer to switch out of work and enjoy more leisure time whilst still earning the same income.
In the comparison between these two effects the results of research are ambiguous, one group where increased indirect taxation and reduced direct taxation might improve incentives are households who affected by the poverty and unemployment traps. People in low paid jobs and the currently unemployed may have little incentive to take paid work or work extra hours if the net financial benefit of doing so is very small. Extra income may be subject to income tax and national insurance and means-tested benefits may be withdrawn as additional income comes in from working. Lower starting rates of income tax may provide a better incentive for low-paid workers to enter the active labor market. The Labor Party has brought in a 10% starting rate of tax and has also introduced the working families' tax credit as part of a strategy to boost the post-tax incomes of families in poorly paid jobs.

Advantages of indirect taxation:

1-One advantage of indirect taxes is that they can be used explicitly to correct for market failure caused by environment damage. Indeed governments across the world are coming to the view that indirect taxes can be used more intensively to meet environmental objectives.
2-The use of indirect taxation is one solution to the problem of externality: the producer or consumer is charged the full social cost and demand will respond accordingly. Environmental economists argue that the most effective way to protect the environment from carbon dioxide and other energy-linked pollutants is to tax the pollute.
Indirect tax increases will push up prices, decrease consumption and hence reduce the effects of negative externalities such as damage to the environment. However, there is a danger that using green taxation to influence demand will damage specific industries. For example, the high rate of taxation on alcohol sold in the UK, as opposed to continental Europe, has badly affected UK drink industries. A huge trade in importing alcohol has grown up, resulting in many jobs being lost in the UK.
Indirect taxation gives the government more control over its use of fiscal policy. In theory, certain indirect taxes can be changed between budgets without parliamentary approval. In contrast, direct taxes can only be changed in the annual budget.
Disadvantages of indirect taxation:
An important argument against indirect taxes is that they tend to be regressive. Since each individual pays the same rate on their purchases, the poor pay a larger proportion of their incomes in indirect taxes (in comparison with direct taxes which tend to be progressive and are seen as more equitable – the proportion of income paid in taxes rises as income rises when a tax is progressive). An example of this in the UK is the high level of duty on tobacco products. Evidence from the Office of National Statistics shows, which the duty on tobacco takes up a much larger percentage of the disposable incomes of lower income groups.
Other Questions
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